On 27 June 1947, Sardar Patel assumed additional charge of the newly
created States’ Department with V.P. Menon as its Secretary. Patel was fully
aware of the danger posed to Indian unity by the possible intransigence of the
rulers of the states.
Patel's first step was to appeal to the princes whose territories fell inside India to accede to the Indian union in three subjects, which affected the common interests of the country, namely, foreign relations, defence and communications. He also gave an implied threat that he would not be able to restrain the impatient people of the states and the government's terms after 15 August would be stiffer.
Fearful of the rising tide of the peoples' movements in their states, and of the more extreme agenda of the radical wing of the Congress, as also Patel's reputation for firmness and even ruthlessness, the princes responded to Patel's appeal and all but three of them—Junagadh, Jammu and Kashmir and Hyderabad—acceded to India by 15 August 1947. By the end of 1948, however, the three recalcitrant states too were forced to fall in line.
Junagadh was a small state on the coast of Saurashtra surrounded by Indian Territory and therefore without any geographical contiguity with Pakistan. Yet, their Nawab announced accessions of his state to Pakistan on 15 August 1947 even though the people of the state, overwhelmingly Hindu, desired to join India.
The Indian nationalist leaders had for decades stood for the sovereignty of the people against the claims of the princes. It was, therefore, not surprising that in Junagadh's case Nehru and Patel agreed that the final voice, like in any other such case, for example Kashmir or Hyderabad, should be that of the people as ascertained through a plebiscite. Going against this approach, Pakistan accepted Junagadh's accession. On the other hand, the people of the state would not accept the ruler's decision. They organized a popular movement, forced the Nawab to flee, and established a provisional government. The Dewan of Junagadh, Shah Nawaz Bhutto, the father of the more famous Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, now decided to invite the Government of India to intervene. Indian troops thereafter marched into the state. A plebiscite was held in the state in February 1948, which went overwhelmingly in favour of joining India.
Patel's first step was to appeal to the princes whose territories fell inside India to accede to the Indian union in three subjects, which affected the common interests of the country, namely, foreign relations, defence and communications. He also gave an implied threat that he would not be able to restrain the impatient people of the states and the government's terms after 15 August would be stiffer.
Fearful of the rising tide of the peoples' movements in their states, and of the more extreme agenda of the radical wing of the Congress, as also Patel's reputation for firmness and even ruthlessness, the princes responded to Patel's appeal and all but three of them—Junagadh, Jammu and Kashmir and Hyderabad—acceded to India by 15 August 1947. By the end of 1948, however, the three recalcitrant states too were forced to fall in line.
Junagadh was a small state on the coast of Saurashtra surrounded by Indian Territory and therefore without any geographical contiguity with Pakistan. Yet, their Nawab announced accessions of his state to Pakistan on 15 August 1947 even though the people of the state, overwhelmingly Hindu, desired to join India.
The Indian nationalist leaders had for decades stood for the sovereignty of the people against the claims of the princes. It was, therefore, not surprising that in Junagadh's case Nehru and Patel agreed that the final voice, like in any other such case, for example Kashmir or Hyderabad, should be that of the people as ascertained through a plebiscite. Going against this approach, Pakistan accepted Junagadh's accession. On the other hand, the people of the state would not accept the ruler's decision. They organized a popular movement, forced the Nawab to flee, and established a provisional government. The Dewan of Junagadh, Shah Nawaz Bhutto, the father of the more famous Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, now decided to invite the Government of India to intervene. Indian troops thereafter marched into the state. A plebiscite was held in the state in February 1948, which went overwhelmingly in favour of joining India.
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The state of Kashmir bordered on both India and
Pakistan. Its ruler Hari Singh was a Hindu, while nearly 75 per cent of the
population was Muslim. Hari Singh too did not accede either to India or
Pakistan. Fearing democracy in India and communalism in Pakistan, he hoped, to
stay out of both and to continue to wield power as an independent ruler. The
popular political forces led by the National Conference and its leader Sheikh
Abdullah, however, wanted to join India. The Indian political leaders took no
steps to obtain Kashmir's accession and, in line with their general approach,
wanted the people of Kashmir to decide whether to link their fate with India or
Pakistan. (Nehru and Patel had made a similar offer in the case of Junagadh and
Hyderabad). In this Gandhiji, who declared in August 1947 that Kashmir was free
to join either India or Pakistan in accordance with the will of the people,
supported them.
But Pakistan not only refused to accept the principle of plebiscite for deciding the issue of accession in the case of Junagadh and Hyderabad, in the case of Kashmir it tried to short-circuit the popular decision through a short-sighted action, forcing India to partially change its attitude in regard to Kashmir.
But Pakistan not only refused to accept the principle of plebiscite for deciding the issue of accession in the case of Junagadh and Hyderabad, in the case of Kashmir it tried to short-circuit the popular decision through a short-sighted action, forcing India to partially change its attitude in regard to Kashmir.
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